TPO 第17套口语 Question 4 重新选题

阅读材料

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Ritualization

Sociobiologists believe that some communicative behavior in animals is developed through a process called ritualization. In this process, the purpose of a given behavior changes over time---a behavior that originally had a practical purpose develops into one that communicates a specific message. For example, a certain movement or physical feature might evolve to serve as a signal or a warning that other animals will understand. Once a behavior is ritualized, it becomes a form of communication; therefore, if an animal engages in this behavior, other animals will be able to interpret the meaning of the behavior quickly and respond appropriately.

听力材料

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口语题目

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Explain the concept of ritualization, using the example of dogs discussed by the professor.

答题辅导

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1、题目关键词： ritualization, the example of dogs

2、答题要领：

(1)Briefly state the main idea of the reading passage.

(2)Concentrating on the lecture given by the professor. When orally summarizing the lecture, test takers are supposed to include the main points and some key examples as well.

3、阅读材料要点：

(1) ritualization is a process where behaviors displayed by some animals will be developed into one able to convey some specific message.

(2) Once ritualized, a behavior will be understood by other animals that will respond to this behavior.

4、听力材料要点：

(1)a dog will show its teeth before an attack. How this teeth-bearing can be interpreted as a signal of an attack can be traced back to long time ago.

(2)long long ago, when dogs were threatened, they would bite whatever animals attacking them with the initial action as showing their teeth. Later on, other animals knew dogs would attack them after dogs teeth were shown.Over time, dogs found that they didn't really have to attack other animals and just a simple teeth-showing was enough to send out a warning signal and could serve as a form of defense mechanism.

5、模板：

(1) In this set of materials, the reading passage is (the title of the reading passage) and the listening material is a lecture by a professor on the same topic. 当然，如果你觉得你的听力材料的理解率很高也不用谈及阅读材料中的内容。只是第一段说起来实在太easy了。

(2) In the reading passage, the university made an announcement that...本段可以省略，但是前提是你对于听力材料理解率很高，不会时间未到却无话可说了。

(3) In the lecture, the professor...不但要包括主要的观点而且最重要的是要包括教授举出的例子。