第二大类：家庭教育类

1．家庭教育

段落大意：越来越多的人关注并参与到家庭教育中，一些研究也证实了家庭教育的优越性，越来越多的大学也愿意录取家庭教育下的学习者。
Today, over one million home-schooled children in the United States and hundreds of thousands of learners in other parts of the world are learning outside school. As homeschooling is growing worldwide, these learners’ experience shows that schools are not always necessary for learning. Particularly, researches confirm that young people can grow up more maturely and healthily than their peers if they avoid the typical age segregation (隔离) of most schools. Professionals in the field of language development of children all agree that parental interaction (亲子互动) with children is indispensable（不可或缺的）for children when they are learning to talk. Therefore, it is for sure very necessary for other aspects of children’s development as well. Even schools of higher education for adult learners are happy to admit applicants who have never attended school in their childhood. The number of colleges that admit homeschoolers has grown to more than 1,000 in at least five countries.

2. 父母和孩子们之间必然存在着代沟

段落大意：代沟在父母和孩子之间无处不在。

Generation gap（代沟） is a common phenomenon（现象） that exits everywhere in the world and influences both the old and the young. Generally speaking, generation gap results in different understanding and appreciation of the great and constant changes of the world, different reaction to new things, and different attitudes to traditional principles and beliefs. Therefore, we may say, “Where there are the old and the young, there is the generation gap.” Generation gap is natural, but very influential. If we cannot deal with it appropriately, the gap will be greater and consequently affect the relation between the old and the young.

3. 代沟的字典定义

段落大意：了解“代沟”这个术语的确切字典含义有助于我们更深刻地认识它。

What is generation gap? According to the Oxford Dictionary, it is a difference in attitudes between people of different generations. The key word here is “ATTITUDE”. Attitude is a way of thinking or feeling about someone or something. A generation gap occurs when the old and the young don’t understand each other because of their differences in opinion, experience and nature. Definitely, this difference still exists in our society today.

4. 产生代沟的原因

段落大意：代沟产生的原因分析。
Generation gap is the major reason why parents and children are moving away from each other. Nowadays, most of the youth are deeply influenced by the western standards and cultures. With the changes of the environment, their life styles and minds have changed greatly either. Today’s new generation doesn’t like others interfering in any of their personal business; neither do they like to be ordered by their parents. If they try to tell the parents what’s wrong with them, it is regarded as misbehavior (行为不当). The question is that what the reason behind all of these conflicts is. Is it the parents’ mistake? Generation gap is basically created by parents themselves. They don’t talk to their children and share their points of views with the children. The fact is that parents are just so busy with their work that they don’t have time for their family and their children. When they realize it, there has already been a huge distance between the kids and the parents. If parents could spare their children more time from their busy schedule, then there would be less such problems. Sometimes you need to act as a friend with your children in order to understand them better.

5 现今学校教育体系的缺陷

段落大意：今天的学生更多关注学习，而不是其他方面能力的提升。

Today’s education system has further deteriorated (恶化). In earlier times, people didn’t attach so much importance to education and there was not much competition. The focus was on the all-round development (全面发展) of an individual. However, the focus has been shifted to sheer academic performance now. Mechanic learning by rote (死记硬背) is very common. Students spend increasing time on academic studies. This leads to less time of interaction between parents and children. Parents also push the child too hard and cause a “burnout”（筋疲力尽）, making things even worse. A recent study by a leading institute states that the amount of time for interaction between parents and children has dramatically decreased by 75% over the last five decades.

6. 网络技术使孩子丧失了交际能力

段落大意：网络技术给孩子带来的不利影响之一是使孩子逐渐丧失了交际能力。
We are living in a “smart” world, as a result of the Internet and other advanced technology. Obviously, nowadays children are spending more time on the computer and their lack of social skills is an alarming problem. Online chatting with friends and relatives may seem a good thing, but the amount of time for interacting with people face to face is sacrificed. Thus Internet may cause more harm than benefits to children’s social skills. In some cases, they are even not able to express themselves properly.

7. 让孩子学会理财

段落大意：家长应该掌握如何让孩子学会理财的办法。

When the children are old enough to earn their own money through babysitting, odd jobs (零工), paper delivery or other part-time jobs, first talk with them about opening a savings account, tracking their spending and creating their own budget（预算）. Second, consider having a brief appointment with a financial advisor (理财顾问) at your bank. Third, determine what portion（比例）of your income goes for items — such as lunch money and clothes—for your children. Put your child in charge of spending all or part of that money. Allow them to decide what they want to buy for lunch or for school clothes. Fourth, consider providing some guidelines. For example, at least 20 percent must be spent on fruit, or 30 percent on a pair of dress shoes. If they choose to blow the balance on expensive athletic shoes, do not increase their budget. When they realize cream-filled desserts aren’t such a great lunch and that they don’t want to wear last year’s shirts, they’ll quickly learn the importance of being economical (精打细算的) with their spending.

8. 有效防止孩子受到网络色情侵害的办法

段落大意：家长采取一些有效的措施来防止孩子受到网络色情的侵害，这一点刻不容缓。

Children need to be taught how to behave on the Internet. The panel（专家小组） said an analogy（类比）could be drawn between Internet and swimming pools. “Swimming pools” can be dangerous for children. To protect them, one can install locks, put up fences and deploy pool alarms. All of these measures are helpful, but by far the most important thing that one can do for children is to teach them how to swim. Among the potential approaches are:
—Allowing access only to Web pages that have already been checked and found appropriate.

—Blocking inappropriate material with filtering (过滤) software.
—Warning the child about explicit（明确的）material and suggesting he or she choose something better. 
—Monitoring minors’（未成年人）Web activity and imposing a penalty if they are caught visiting such sites.
—Educating the child not to view explicit material with reasons and building their sense of responsibility. 
—Making it harder for minors to find explicit materials or making access to such material more cumbersome (麻烦的) and inconvenient.
—Helping children cope with the exposure to inappropriate material they will probably encounter at least occasionally.

9. 家长要让孩子明白犯错误有时候是件好事

段落大意：孩子犯了错误，家长不应该批评，而是应让孩子知道犯错误有时候是件好事。

Most of us need to get more comfortable with mistakes. Sometimes, pointing out mistakes may prove not helpful. It works better to emphasize the things that work well. However, children often notice mistakes themselves. I believe it is helpful for children to learn that the mistakes they see in their drawing are useful for learning and getting new ideas. Tell them it is okay to erase and fix major mistakes, but point out that they can learn new things from mistakes. Sometimes the mistakes add some interest and expressive qualities that are hard to appreciate at first.

10. 单亲家庭教育问题

段落大意：单亲并不一定影响孩子的教育；单亲并不会减弱孩子的学习意愿。

“Living in a single-parent family（单亲家庭）does not necessarily determine how well-prepared children are for school”, concludes a Cornell University Study of about 1,700 children between 6 to 7 years old from white and black households. Henry Ricciuti, a emeritus professor（荣誉教授） of human development at Cornell, stressed that the potential adverse effects of growing up in a single-parent family might not emerge until later in childhood. He also said that many children in single-parent families might have the advantage of a smaller family size and the increased likelihood of the presences of a maternal（母系的）grandparent, aunt, or uncle in the household. The findings of this study suggest that such support for single-parent families should begin in the early childhood years, when the potential adverse effects of single parenthood have not yet emerged or become apparent. Most of the previous studies have focused on adolescents or high school students and have tended to report adverse effects, typically attributed to（归因于） differences in family income. The study by Ricciuti is one of the few that focuses on younger children.

11. 单亲家庭孩子教育的不利之处[m1] 

段落大意：单亲家庭的孩子在接受教育时所受到的不利影响是显而易见的。

In the book Growing Up with a Single Parent, the author summarized the findings of a number of studies that had been conducted in the 1980s. These studies generally found that children who were raised in single-parent families were less likely to attend college than those from two-parent families, and much less likely to graduate from college. However, there was clear evidence that these effects were much less severe if one parent had died than if the child’s parents had divorced or had never married. These results suggest that it is not “single-parenting” that yields（产生）adverse effects. Rather, single parenting appears to act as a proxy（代表） for the underlying factors that lead parents not to marry, or to divorce. It is those unobserved factors that have the primary impact on children’s future performance. These studies also explored the effects of parental absence due to divorce or death on the children’s labor market outcomes as adults. Although these studies are consistent（一致的） in finding that the absence of a parent has some effect on adult earnings, they disagree on what that effect is. For example, some experts concluded that whereas the earnings of women were the same regardless of family backgrounds, those of men from divorced families were approximately three percent lower than those of men from intact families.

12. 家长对学生的影响

段落大意：学生的基础交流技能和态度都深受家庭影响，这种影响不容忽视。

Some parents think that once their children are at school, they can relax and let the education system take control, but this is not the case at all. As a research shows, parents have a greater influence on their children’s academic results than the school does. Children’s ability to communicate with teachers and peers and their attitude to learning are largely formed at home. Parents can help give their children a head start（领先）, by beginning their education at home.

13. 家庭对学生的重要影响

段落大意：家庭在学生的成长和成功过程中扮演着非常重要的作用。

The family is a key element in every person’s life, and it has the greatest impact on children’s socialization（社会化）. Socialization is a learned behavior that remains with a person’s entire life. Family influences nearly every aspect of children’s life, including their education. Increasing evidence indicates that schools are not solely responsible for promoting our young people’s academic success; rather, families must be engaged in helping youths develop the knowledge and skills they need to function（发挥良好作用）in tomorrow’s workplace. Therefore, the question is not whether parents influence education, but how and to what extent they do.