27 计算机技术与艺术
Computers and advanced technology have made it possible to create film-work that continues to grow more and more accurate and lifelike. With the invention of computer animation, animators have been able to create scenes for movies in minutes rather than hours. Computer animation is not limited to cartoons but can also be used to create events that would have been dangerous or impossible to capture otherwise. Journalist Fenella Sauders, who spoke with Computer graphics scientist John Anderson, reports a lot of science went into making those monster waves in the film The Perfect Storm. Anderson says, “The trick (in making a wave look more believable) is to cheat the physics. If you want a wave to break at a certain time, you have to manipulate it a significant amount of time ahead. You can’t just come in and break it right then because it will look like the hand of God just came down and slapped the thing”.
Thanks to advancements in technology like computer animation people get closer and closer to realistically recreating reality. Games, although not always considered to be an art form, are making a new name for themselves as visual attractions when they meet architecture.

28 建筑与艺术
Architecture and art have always been closely related. Most buildings are not only designed to be sturdy but also to be beautiful to the eye and to the soul. It is not uncommon to drive through a city and see a large mural painted on the side of a building. What is uncommon is to see a ten story Tetris game running on the side of a building, but students from Brown University’s Technology House have made that sight a little more common. Fenella Saunders reports, several hundred people got to play the game, including Apple cofounder and Tetris whiz Steve Wozniak, who flew out for the event. Move over Wyland. A new sort of action mural has moved in thanks to innovative technology. There has been a growing interest in science that can be seen in the entertainment world. Corey S. Powell, who has done research into science on stage reports that playwrights increasingly are turning to serious scientific themes, and audiences are responding with heartening enthusiasm. This isn’t hard to imagine. The world is in a time running rampant with scientific discoveries and advancements. The science of the human make-up has been unfolded, and we are learning more and more every-day about what it is to be alive in the world.

29 金字塔和艺术
The most famous example of the Theocracies influence on art would be the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Chefren. These eminent works of art were created to show the importance and divine power of the Pharaoh, as well as, to serve as a burial tomb. The Sphinx itself is sculpted with great precision and close attention was paid to the basic anatomy of the human face, but the features of the Pharaoh are idealized. It is a portrait not of an individual but of the concept of divinity. The lion body, falcon headdress and transcendental stare of the Sphinx show a certain calmness and mystery, which encapsulates the ideal perfection of the Pharaoh.
In the Middle Kingdom Akhenaton came to power and changed the religious structure of Egypt. He believed in a monotheistic system that placed all faith in one God, Aton-Ra. Akhenaton did not depict himself as an all powerful God-King, but a messenger through which Aton-Ra spoke. The changes in the role of the Pharaoh dramatically changed the art of the time. Art began to depict more physical human characteristics, and less divine idealism. A stone relief that shows the royal couple and their three children sitting under the raise of the sun God is a good example of this change. No longer is the Pharaoh depicted as the most important figure in Egyptian art, and for the first time, other people are shown on the same level as the Pharaoh. This monotheistic reign strongly conflicted with the interest of the priests, who had a vested interest in preserving the old polytheistic traditions. Directly following his death, Akhenaton’s successors echoed his name from the historical monuments and brought back the traditional polytheistic religion.
By the end of the New Kingdom, art was back to the standards of the Old Kingdom. Large pyramids and high relief sculpture that idealized the divinity and greatness of the Pharaohs were once again built, and the monotheistic art of the late Middle Kingdom was forgotten. The influence of this polytheistic religion became so strong, that even direct contact with occupying cultures did not affect the art of the New Kingdom.

30 科学与娱乐
It is no wonder that humans want to interest themselves in the world of science not only in a research atmosphere but also in entertainment. Powell also gives a list of examples. Copenhagen, the 2000 Tony award winner for Best Play, is a searching meditation on quantum theory and the ethics of atomic research. Opening science up to the public in an interesting way makes science in the entertainment realm definitely a positive movement. Many of the people thought of as scientists are also artists, or vise versa. James Herriot, who has written many children’s stories and a number of novels on animals, is also a veterinarian. Herriot’s book are a retelling of the events he encounters in his practice, but they are not at all dull and to the point with no extra flower, as many people might think of person of scientific mind would write. His stories are colorful and poetic which makes them loveable to all ages of people everywhere.

31 既是科学家又是艺术家: 达·芬奇和富兰克林

Leonardo Da Vinci who was a brilliant painter was also a sculptor, an architect, and a man of science who did serious investigations into the natural and physical sciences, mathematics, mechanics, and engineering. More than 300 years before flying machines were perfected, Leonardo devised plans for prototypes of an airplane and a helicopter. His extensive studies of human anatomy were portrayed in anatomical drawings, which were among the most significant achievements of Renaissance science. It’s a good thing that Leonardo Da Vinci was also a man of the arts or he would never have been able to leave behind his wonderful sketches, and that would have been devastating for both the arts and science. One of Leonardo’s paintings the“Mona Lisa”is known world-wide to children and adults alike. Even if a person would not be able to describe what the painting looked like they would at least recognize the name. Not only did Leonardo Da Vinci paint and sculpt but he also wrote music. A Renaissance man is a person who is accomplished in many different areas, and the term was coined to describe the genius of Leonardo Da Vinci.

Another man who is known by all Americans and much of the world is Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin was a printer, a diplomat, a scientist, an inventor, a philosopher, an educator, and a public servant. He invented the lightning rod and amazed scientists throughout the world with his experiments in electricity. He also helped to draft both the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution.

32 艺术在教育中的重要性
As funding for education is decreased in certain areas and put to other uses, classes such as art and music have been put on the back shelf. The idea is that they are not quite as important to a child’s education as English, history, math, and science. Obviously, teachers of artistic classes feel that their jobs are important to the learning and development of the children they work with, but others are quickly realizing the importance of arts in all aspects of human interaction. Crayola has recently released an ad campaign claiming that, today’s Crayola kid is tomorrow’s self confident adult. Studies show that children who participate in the arts are more likely to say they feel good about themselves. As the importance of art becomes more evident, it might be necessary to view it in new perspective. Music and art are very mathematical. In the early 1400s, Leon Battista Alberti suggested painting be considered a Liberal Art with a scientific basis. In De Pictura he exposed optical perspective as a geometrical technique which could be applied by artists to their work.

33 音乐对青少年的作用
Music is important to most teenagers. It is a way to get away from all of life’s problems. Music gives teenagers a different way to think from the “normal” way. Parents believe they have a bad influence on their children, but they only say that because they do not want to blame themselves for being bad parents and not being able to raise their child right.
Suicide is a serious subject for today’s youth in America and all over the world. Teenagers are faced every day with the thought of suicide. Jonathan Davis’s lyrics show that he understands what teens go through and that it is all right. This is comforting to teenagers, so how could that be bad?
Teenagers seek music as an outlet from problems in life, yet the media and parents believe that rap and rock music is to blame for teenager’s problems. Rap is being blamed for the murders and crimes in cities all over America. Rock is being blamed for giving teens evil thoughts mixed with hate. Rap lyrics are about the rappers society’s problems. So if a person does not like the lyrics, change the suburbs in large cities to make the lyrics better. Rock lyrics are all about the soul. Lyrics from rock music are deeper than any other type of music out today. That is why the music is so widespread. Music is the universal language, and that is why all music is important to someone.

34 音乐和犯罪
In 1988, rapper Ice-T was under the gun from the media because of a song he wrote called, “Cop Killa”. Once that song was released, several police murderers said they did it because of Ice-T’s song. “But is it Ice-T’s fault for these crimes, or is it the fault of the person committing thesecrimes against the police?” Foster asks an interesting question. The answer is no, the musicianshould not be the one blamed for these crimes. Police officers were being shot all the time before that song. All cops know that their jobs are dangerous, yet they still take the job. Also a group called Three Six Mafia had a similar experience to Ice-T’s. They were banned from almost every state in the north and the south because of a song they wrote called “Tear the Club Up”. Whenever the group performed this song, a riot broke out. This is not the group’s fault though. The people who cannot control themselves are the ones to be blamed. The media was quick to jump out and say that the riots were a direct result of the so called “Gansta Rap”, not the resultofthe out-of-control people in the crowd.

35 音乐与青少年犯罪的原因
Music has been around for thousands of years. Music appeals to everyone. When was the last time you have heard someone say, “I hate all music.”? However, lately music has been criticized for corrupting teen’s minds. Rap is being blamed for all the crimes and murders in cities all over America and heavy metal is being blamed for giving teens only dark images and thoughts in their minds. Although the media and public criticize rap and rock music and blame the music for influencing teens negatively, they actually give many teenagers an outlet from their life problems. Parents love to blame musicians like Dr. Dee to bands like KoRn and Limp Bizkit for their child’s problems. Music is an excuse for bad parenting. “One should look at the family background of the person committing the crimes.” Most criminals come from dysfunctional families, whichwould explain why a person would turn to crime in life. Another reason a person would turn to crime is being sexually abused as a young child. This would definitely cause a person to go a little crazy. When someone hears some lyrics from Eminem, they do not go out and do what he says. Lyrics from Eminem and other similar lyrics are for entertainment only. If people did whatever they heard, then everybody would be evil and corrupted. I hear far worse words and phrases during school than on a rap album, and the words do not effect me or anybody else, otherwise everybody in school would run around shooting people and doing drugs. Rappers are blamed constantly for crimes.

36 说唱音乐的社会作用
Rap music is a rapidly growing type of music. It has gotten many poverty stricken people out of the ghetto. Also, rap musicians donate thousands and thousands of dollars to charities all over America. When do you hear the media give them credit for that? The media always looks for the worse in all stories.

Rap also gives many young people hope in life. When a teenager has problems in life, music can always help them feel better. Rap musicians rap about their life. So if a person complains about the rap lyrics, then they could make a difference by fixing up poverty stricken communities. Once a rapper makes a second album, it is usually less graphic because they know a different life. They will rap about being rich and coming from some of the worst communities in America.

Fatherhood is another subject for rappers as they mature into a better life. Rap lyrics do not influence bad behavior, but reflect it. Rock is another type of music that is criticized often by the media. They say that rock bands like KoRn and Limp Bizkit give kids negative thoughts and make teens act out in violence. This however is not true. The only way rock influences teenagers is on what they wear. Kids that wear baggy pants, large shirts, and long necklaces with five inch pendants usually listen to rap. Teens that wear wide leg pants and torn up clothes usually listen to alternatives.

Lastly, teenagers who have pierced tongues blue hair, and wear tight leather pants most likely will listen to rock. That rock influences teens on what to wear does not mean that the kids will beviolent. “Large clothes and pierced tongues are only ways to express oneself.” Smith obviouslyagrees that the types of clothes do not make a decent teen turn bad.

37 对视觉艺术的研究方法之一: 情境法
The study of visual art can be approached through the broad categories of contextua-lism and formalism. Contextualism is described as:
The approach whereby a work of art is examined in the context of its time; in a manner which respects its creator’s motivations and imperatives; with consideration of the desires and prejudices of its patrons and sponsors; with a comparative analysis of themes and approaches of the creator’s colleagues and teachers; and consideration of religious iconography and temporal symbolism. In short, this approach examines the work of art in the context of the world within which it was created.

38 对视觉艺术的研究方法之二: 形式法
The approach whereby the artwork is examined through an analysis of its form, that is, the creator’s use of line, shape, color, texture, and composition. This approach examines how the artist uses a two-dimensional picture plane (or the three dimensions of sculptural or architectural space) to create his or her art. A formal analysis can further describe art as representational or non-representational which answers the question, is the artist imitating an object or image found in nature? If so, it is representational. The closer the art hews to perfect imitation, the more the art is realistic. If the art is less imitation and more symbolism, or in an important way strives to capture nature’s essence, rather than imitate it directly, the art is abstract. Impressionism is an example ofa representational style that was not directly imitative, but strove to create an “impression” ofnature. Of course, realism and abstraction exist on a continuum. If the work is not representational of nature, but an expression of the artist’s feelings, longings and aspirations, or his or her search for ideals of beauty and form, the work is non-representational or a work of expressionism.

39 符号学
Semiotics operates under the theory that an image can only be understood from the viewer’s perspective. The artist is supplanted by the viewer as the purveyor of meaning, even to the extent that an interpretation is still valid regardless of whether the creator had intended it. Rosiland Krauss espoused this concept in her essay “In the Name of Picasso”. She denounced the artist’s monopoly on meaning and insisted that meaning can only be derived after the work has been removed from its historical and social context. Mieke Bal argued similarly that meaning does not even exist until the image is observed by the viewer. It is only after acknowledging this that meaning can become opened up to other possibilities such as feminism or psychoanalysis.