1. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. （3+）
更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装

解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。

意群训练：

More probableis bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachmentof the seedsto feathers，or internally，by the swallowingof fruit andsubsequent　excretionof the seeds.

2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）

一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。

意群训练：

A long-held viewof the historyof English coloniesthat becamethe United Stateshas been thatEngland’s policytoward these coloniesbefore 1763was dictated by commercial interestsand that a changeto a more imperial policy , dominated byexpansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensionsthat ultimately led tothe American Revolution .

3. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中，除了silicates硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet作首字母提炼叫g:crystallography只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。

意群训练：

It is not knownhow rarethis resemblance is，or whether it is mostoften seenin　inclusions ofsilicates such as garnet，whose crystallographyis generallysomewhat similar tothat of diamond；　　but when present，the resemblanceis regarded ascompelling evidencethat the diamonds and inclusionsare truly cogenetic.

4. Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）
即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词

解释：本句实际上是由and连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and之后省略了they(此处指前面的主语the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找到主语。

另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D当中的A、B、C，全部既长又抽象，理解起来较为困难。

意群训练：

Even the"radical" critiques　of thismainstream research model，such as the critiquedeveloped in Divided Society，attach the issue ofethnic assimilationtoo mechanicallyto factors ofeconomic and social　mobilityand are thusunable to illuminatethe cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricansas a colonial minority.

5. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected. （3）
它们被称为“虚粒子”（virtual particle），以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句的怪异在于：real particles后面跟着两个定语从句，都是同时修饰real particles的，而且两个从句之间不用逗号隔开，却又加上and连接，令人一眼看上去极不习惯。

意群训练：

They are calledvirtual particlesin order todistinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimesare not constrained　in the same way，andwhich can be detected.

6. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+）

公开对妇女压迫的存在的承认对于50年代的美国而言有些过分激进，而且B的结论，即妇女经济状况的变化，经管它本身不是一个充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高妇女地位的根本因素”的观点，尤其无法令人接受。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句是由and所连接的两个分句，前一个分句的主语虽然有一些修饰成分，但整体而言还算好读；后面的分句中的修饰成分就比较难读；主语Beauvoir’s conclusion后面被加上了同位语从句that change in…,而且在从句的主语和谓语之间还加了一个插入语；我们好不容易把同位语从句中的成分补齐，后面又看到系表结构was particularly unacceptable的时候，想不起来主语是誰，不禁心中茫然；如果是没有练习过难句的人，也只好黯然神伤。

意群训练：

Open acknowledgementof the existenceof women’s oppressionwas too radicalfor the United Statedin the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change inwomen’s economic condition , though insufficientby itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improvingwomen’s situation , was particularly unacceptable .

7. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky　mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its　core. （4）其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。 Rip:撕开；拨去；在本文是撕开的意思。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：这个句子虽然还算短，但结构并不简单，句中共有三介词结构作状语。结构的复杂在本句中给读者带来了真正的阅读困难：月亮、地球、大型天体之间的关系如何？三个事件之间的先后顺序怎样？另外的一个难点在于，在the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle这段话中，be ripped out of something可以作两种解释。Rip既有撕开的意思，又有剥去的意思，而此处的be ripped out of something很被读者理解成被剥夺走某物的意思。实际上，根据对上下文的理解，这里应该理解成从某物中撕裂出来的意思。

意群训练：

Other theorists propose thatthe Moon was rippedout of the Earth’srocky　mantleby the Earth’s collisionwith anotherlarge celestial bodyafter much of the Earth’s ironfell to its　core.

8. However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. （4）

然而，进来的学术研究强烈的显示那些看来最为明确的请教徒的早期新英格兰文化的一些方面，比如强烈的宗教导向和团体意识，就整体而言却不是新英格兰的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限与马萨诸赛和康涅狄格两个州。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：宾语从句的主语those aspects后面跟着长长的修饰成分of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan。不但如此，主语和表语之间又被长长的插入语such as分开，而且表语也不是一个，而是were not,but were的结构，使得句子十分难读。

意群训练：

However , recent scholarshiphas strongly suggestedthat those aspectsof earlyNew England culturethat seem tohave beenmost distinctly Puritan, such asthe strong religious orientationand the communal impulse, were noteven typical ofNew England as a whole, but werelargely confined tothe two colonies ofMassachusetts and Connecticut.

9. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and　a tendency to cultivate metropolitan　cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural　　patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic　of most other early modern British　colonies from Barbados north to Rhode　　Island and New Hampshire. （4）
因此，那些与（北方）清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩，并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：这个颇长的句子是由一个what从句做主语，此主语what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy Southern中有又一些插入语的修饰成分，其实主干很简单，就是what appears to be Southern。Southern后的两个破折号之间的内容是主语的同位语，实际起到了一个插入语的作用。一直到句子写了五行之后，谓语动词was才姗然出现，难怪读者看得不舒服。But also之后，省略了与前面一样的was.

笔者在此再次提醒读者，笔者之所以对此类句子做语法分析，是为了让读者熟悉这些语法结构，而不是希望读者在现场阅读进也去分析其语法，正确的方法是通过熟读本书中的种种难句，使大脑习惯这些语言结构；实战的现场阅读把注意力集中在句子的意思上，比如这句话，只要读出“与D的观念相反，南方的州与清教的殖民地一样，都是有着英国风格的”意思即可。

意群训练：

Thus，what in contrast tothe Puritan coloniesappears to Davisto be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interestin politics and the law，and　a tendencyto cultivatemetropolitan　cultural models—was not onlymore typically Englishthan the cultural　　patternsexhibited byPuritan Massachusettsand Connecticut，but alsoalmost certainlycharacteristic　of most other earlymodern British　coloniesfrom Barbados northto Rhode　　Island and New Hampshire.

10. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.（5）

一些描述，关于他从小就记得的北卡罗来纳州的M县的人民、关于他在H的日子里的爵士乐手和公寓的房顶、关于匹兹堡的钢铁工人的描述和他的假借古代B国对古希腊神话得宠俗，都表现了这一点。In the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下，假装”。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句主语之长，主语的长度与谓语长度的比例之大，是极为罕见的，在最后的三个单词attest to this之前的所有内容，全是主语，主语和谓语的比例达到了46比3。不熟秋GRE和GMAT句式的人是很难把这句读懂的。句子的主语实际上是一个由and连接的并列结构，而真正的主语只有两个：Portrayals 和his reconstruction。Portrayals后面长度惊人的修饰成分以三个大列举的方式说出了其描述的对象，其中第一个列举中又包含了一个定语从句，修饰前面的folk（人、人们、人民、民族），第二个主语的修饰成分中使用了一抽象词组：in the guise of，相当于一个介词，其意思是假借，在….的幌子下，假装。

意群训练：

Portrayalsof the folk ofMecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembersfrom early childhood, of the jazz musiciansand tenement roofsof his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstructionof classical Greek mythsin the guise ofthe ancient Black kingdomof Benin, attest to this.

11. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that　capture and concentrate phytoplankton. （4）
浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物（appendicularian）的那种适应性变化，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小（或更小）的黏液球囊内，装备有过滤器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：GRE和GMAT考试中比较有特色的一个语言现象是that (those) of的频繁出现。That(those) of的作用是省略掉与前面一样的名词性成分，从而起到简化句子的结构、缩短句子的长度的作用。然而对于初学GRE和GMAT的人来说，由于以前较少遇到这种结构，而且即使遇到也是在比较简单的句子中间遇到的，所以在复杂句式中一旦遇到，往往一下子搞不清楚这个that(或those)指的是前面众多名词性成分中间的哪一个。解决这个问题的办法，就是多读、反复读这样的句子，熟能生巧。

意群训练：

A very specializedfeeding adaptationin zooplanktonis that of the tadpolelike appendicularianwho lives ina walnut-sized （or smaller）balloon of mucusequipped with filtersthat　capture andconcentrate phytoplankton.

12. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and　activities during the same period. （3+）
但是，这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。

难句类型：倒装

解释：本句看着别扭的原因是句子的语序颠倒，正常的语序应该是：However, these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully.但是这种语序仍然令人费解：为什么作者不说these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明确又好懂，何乐而不为？

其实这里倒不见得是ETS故意作梗，不让读者读懂，而是因为心上的两种说法之间存在着细微差别：前者强调的是有分析，但与文中的其他研究相比不够完整；后者则是强调没有怎么去研究。GRE和GMAT中使用的英语属于中高级英语，其中的细微之处请读者细心体会。

意群训练：

These historians，however，have analyzedless fullythe development ofspecifically feminist ideasand　activitiesduring the same period.

13. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)

显然，大多数的巨星能够失去足够多的物质以至于在燃尽其核燃料以前他们的质量下降到关键值1.4M以下。难在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…

难句类型：特殊省略、固定搭配

解释：我们中国考生显然没有见过sufficient…that…这样的结构，因此习惯性的把that以及其后的内容看成了一个定语从句来修饰material，但是这样读下来发现意思不通，于是发生思维混乱，大脑拒绝工作，以至当场晕厥。

实际上原文相当于在sufficient之前省略了such,与后面的that构成了一个such…that…的结构，但是这种省略不是可以随便使用的：本句之所以能够这样表述，是因为sufficient本身就是一个enough to meet the need of a situation的意思；而enough的意思是occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or expectations.所以，把这两个词义串在一起，sufficient material that…的词义就变成了material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我们除了可以把原句看成是省略了such以外，还可以把sufficient …that…看成了一个固定的搭配，相当于so much …that…的意思。

意群训练：

Apparentlymost massive starsmanage to losesufficient materialthat their masses dropbelow the critical valueof 1.4 Mbefore they exhausttheir nuclear fuel.

14. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.（5）

即使是武装部队是在一种趋向职业平等的制度变迁的风气中运作的时候，而且即使部队是在联邦政府的同工同酬的约束下运行的时候，情况仍然是这样。

难句类型：倒装、省略

解释：不论笔者把这句话算成倒装还是省略，其实都有些牵强。阅读能力较高的读者应该可以看出，文中的语序和表达都是完全符合英文规则的，但问题在于它极不符合汉语习惯：按照中文的习惯，even though之后的长长的从句应当放在句首，而This is so则应该放到最后来说，而且，如果要用and来连接这么长的两个状语，也应该在其中补充上主语用来和谓语才能让人看懂。但是这就是考试中的英语，也是英语国家的高级知识分子们天天用来做学问的英语，既然他们可以看懂，并能写出来，我们也一定可以看懂，需要的时候也一定能够写出来。

意群训练：

This is soeven thougharmed forcesoperate in an ethos ofinstitutional changeoriented towardoccupational equalityand underthe federal sanctionof equal payfor equal work.

15、An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. （5）
一个能够把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉轨道的碰撞发生的可能性甚至小于这种事件在月亮上发生的可能性，考虑到月亮更小的尺寸及其与地球接近的程度。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代

解释：in view of的意思是考虑到、由于，等于because of,本句粗看上去十分简单，可是你看完之后会发现本句十分难懂。这句话的意思很容易被理解成：如果考虑到月亮的尺寸和与地球的距离的话，火星碎片被撞击所发射到地球的几率，要小于发射到月亮上的几率，有点常识的人就会知道这是不可能的：月亮比地球小得多，而且与火星的距离也与地球类似，碎片射到月亮上的几率怎么会反而高呢？这里的关键在于such an event在文章中指什么，如果是指把火星碎片射到月亮上，那么本句的意思当然是荒谬的；可是如果是指把月亮的碎片发射到地球上，那么本句的意思就对了，实际上句首的An impact之后被省略了一个on mars，所以原文的such an event on moon，指的是An impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit.因此如果把原文补全，则句子就变成了下面的样子：An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an Earth-ibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximiy to Earth.

意群训练：

An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejectinga fragment ofthe Martian surfaceintoan Earth-intersecting orbitis even less probablethan such an eventon the Moon, in view ofthe Moon’s smaller sizeand closer proximityto Earth.

16、 Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in　which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from that　　donor are accepted permanently. （4）
但是，我们已经发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥，甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此状态中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如皮肤，会永久地被接受。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装

解释：Not only放在句首时谓语被提前，这种倒装对我们的读者来讲不算什么新鲜事。干扰度比较大的是在修饰unresponsiveness的定语从句in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently中，插入语such as skin和前面的transplants搭配的from that donor共同作用，反复地打断读者的思路，使得从句中主语和谓语不能连贯。

意群训练：

Not onlyare liver transplantsnever rejected，but they eveninduce a state of donor-specificunresponsivenessin　whichsubsequent transplantsof other organs，such as skin，from that　　donorare accepted permanently.

17、 As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. （4）

当岩石界面被穿过的时候，震波所遇到的弹性性质通常会发生突然的变化，这就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回来的波被震波纪录仪记录下来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、过去分词与谓语易混

解释：绝大多数人读到the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly这一句的时候，第一反应都是把encountered看成了谓语动词，再看到change abruptly的时候又搞不苾怎么会跑出来两个动词，反复看上n遍才看清楚这句话的结构。本句难就难在主语the elastic characteristics后面的表示袪的过去分词encountered的动作发出者在句子中根本就没有出现过，相当于原文在encountered后面省略了一个by seismic waves,倡读者却没有心理准备，同时也不熟悉这种分词修饰的方式，因此也难以读懂。

意群训练：

As rock interfaceare crossed, the elastic characteristicsencountered（by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causespart of the energyto be reflected backto the surface, where it is recordedby seismic instruments.

18、 While the new　doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that　it was a posthumous production of the　Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date once　　more into utter confusion. （4）
数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作）之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中.

注：best:击败,=defeat, overcome, outdo

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：specter之后的that从句是specter的同位语，从句中有两个分词作状语，中间由and 连接。其中以第一个分词结构showing that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles的意思较为难懂，有两个地方要解释一下：

首先，best 在这里的用法我们以前很少见到，用作及物动词，是击败后者的意思，等于defeat,overcome或outdo。

其次，a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy这种说法不符合我们的常规想法，我们看到　a posthumous production of 的时候，根据中文的语言习惯，惯性的到of之后去找人名，但是看到后面跟着的是作品名，就想不通了，与中文不同的是，英文中的遗作后面不一定只能接人名，接作品名的时候指的是作品在作者死前未发表的那一部分，比如本文的四部曲，可能作者死前全部写好，但只发表了三部，但是死后发表的遗作第四部击败了S。

意群训练：

While the new　doctrineseemsalmost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragmentraises the specterthat anothermay be unearthed，showing，for instance，that　i8t wasa posthumous productionof the　Danaid tetralogywhich bested Sophocles，and throwing the dateonce　　more intoutter confusion.

19、 The methods that a community　devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+)
一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个社会看来具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句是前面所举的复杂修饰类难句的例句，已经有所详述。

意群训练：

The methodsthat a community　devisesto perpetuate itselfcome into beingto preserve aspectsof the cultural legacythat that communityperceives as essential.

20、 Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. （4）

传统上，风媒传粉被看成是这样的繁殖过程：其特征就是由一些随即事件的发生，在这些随机事件里，风的反复无常被大量的产生花粉所补偿，以至于新种子的最终产生被保证了，其代价是产生远远多于实际使用量的花粉。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：笔者曾经遇到过一个同学，下课以后来找我，说这篇文章读得不好，因为首段的两句话看不懂。这篇文章的首段很长，但仅由两句话构成，不但讲述了老观点的内容，而且解释了这篇文章的主题的所在，从这里我们可以看出在现场迅速读懂难句的重要性。Marked by之后的内容修饰reproductive process的。其后的random events后面又跟着一个定语从句来修饰它。从句中的被动语态the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen有些特殊，因为文中不是按照中文的习惯说are compensated，而是说compensated for，这是由于主语the vagaries of the wind并不是被补偿的对象，而是补偿的对象，后面的at the expense of是以…为代价的意思。

意群训练：

Traditionally, pollination by windhas been viewedas a reproductive processmarked by random eventsin whichthe vagaries of the windare compensated forby the generation ofvast quantitiesof pollen, so thatthe ultimate productionof new seedsis assuredat the expense ofproducing much more pollenthan is actually used.